Cast-steel side frame



2 Sheeis-Sheet 1 March 6, 1928.

B. w. KADEL CAST STEEL s IDE FRAME original Filed May s. 1925 huhu 22222222222 n. N mn.. n

March 6, 1928.

B. W. KADEL CAST STEEL SIDE FRAME original Filed May 5, 1925 2 Smets-snee: 2

Patented Mar. 6, 1928.

UNITED STATES PATENT oFFlcE.

BYERS W. vXAIDEI'J, OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND, ASSIGNORTO THE SYMINGTON COM IPANY, F NEW YORK, N. Y., CORPORATION OF MARYLAN'ID.l

CAST-STEEL SIDE FRAME.

Application tiled May 5, 1925, Serial No. 28,070.o Renewed August .8, 1927.

This invention relates to side frames for railway cars and more particularlyto specially constructed cast frames having journal boxes and brake hanger brackets integral,therewith.A

The principal object of my invention, generally considered, is the production of integrally cast side -frames in which the various sections of the members thereof are designed 1o so that maximum strength is secured without undue weight in material.l

An object of my invention is the provision .of a cast side frame for railway car trucks in which the Various members thereof are generally T-shape in cross section with webs extending substantially upright, the tension member being formed with a main flange vservingas a -spring seat at the intermediate portion thereof and extending directly from each end of the spring seat diagonally upward to approximately the upper linner corner of a journal box `as an intermediate fiange of the diagonal portions ofthe tension member and joining with the roof of each journal box approximately on line with the faceof the inner brass lug.

Another object ofmy invention is the production of cast side frames for railway car trucks, each frame comprising a compression member, a tension member and bolster column guide members therebetween, all of said members being substantially T or I- shape in cross section, the tension member, however, formed with diagonally disposed intermediate portion, the upper flange of the intermediate'portion being bent and continued as an intermediate flange of the diagonal end portions, whereby said end portions may Y as in Figure l, shown@ partly in section and 40 be considered as of or star section, the bot- .stom fia-nge ofthe intermediate portion following a' line not quite parallel with the intermediate flange to a position near the adjacent journal box where it is curved from the intermediate flange and extended to the journal box side wall joining therewith to take the place of the usual brace.`

A further object of my invention is the production of cast side :frames `for railway car trucks', each frame being formed with a window opening between bolster columnguide port1ons and with triangularopenings on' opposite sidesof the windowopening, said triangular openings being framed or surrounded by fianges or ribs tapering in end portions and a substantially horizontal frame for railway car trucks embodying my ing the opening to a point `near the outer corner of the o ening where it gradually increases in heig t and merges with the portion of the flangeof maximum height.

A still further object of my invention is the provision of a cast steel side frame for railway car trucks formed with integral journal boxes and brake hanger brackets,

-said brake hanger brackets being connected to one side of the frame and bracing ribs or webs extending on the opposite side of the frame adjacent Vthe junction of the brake hanger brackets thereto for strengthening the connection of said brackets therewith.

Other objects and advantages of the invention relating to the particular configuration and arrangement of the various parts will become apparent as the description proceeds.

Referring to the drawings illustrating my invention, the scope whereof is pointed out in the claims,

Figure 1 is a side elevation of a cast side invention, a portion of one end of said side frame being shown 1n sectlon.

F1gure 2 1s a plan v1ew of the slde frame partly broken away.

Figure 3 ispa cross sectional view taken on i the line 3&3 'of Figure 1 and looking in the direction of the arrows.

Figure 4 is a cross sectional view on the line L -4 of Figure 1 looking in the direction of the arrows. A

Figure 5 is across sectional view on the line 5*5 of Figure 1 looking in the direction of the arrows.

Figures 6 and -,are crosssectional views taken on the correspondingly numbered lines of Figure 5 and lookingV in the direction of the arrows.

Figures 8, and 10 are cross sectional views taken on .the correspondingly numbered lines of Figure 1, the section shown in Figure 10 being taken looking in the direction of the arrows.

Referring to the drawings in which similar reference characters designate like parts, there is illustrated a cast side frame 1 which in the embodiment shown comprises a compression member 2, a tension member 3, bolster column guide or strut members 4, integral journal boxes 5 and integral brake lian er brackets 6.

T e compression, tension and bolster guide members are preferably formed of generally T or I-shape in cross section, that is, they comprise web portions 7 disposed in substantially upright position and flange portions disposed on opposite sides of the web portions, said flange portions, however, being of different widths and generally tapering in width or depth so that the members are 'considered more properly T-shaped in cross section rather than I-shaped.

The tension member 3 is formed with an intermediate substantially horizontal portion 8 and diagonally disposed end portions 9 and 10 extending outwardly and upwardly from said intermediate or central portion 8. rlhediagonal portions 9 and 10i preferably connect with the journal boxes at their outer ends as illustrated most clearly in Figure 1.

The central or intermediate portion 8 of the tension member is formed with a relatively wide upper flange 11 servin as a spring seating portion and preferaby provided with spring seat bosses 12. The flange 11 is maintained relatively wide for approximately the full width of the window opening 13 formed between the compression, tension and bolster guide members and beyond said window opening 13 the flange 11 is tapered in width, bent upwardly and continued along the diagonal portions 9 and 10 of the tension member to approximately the upper inner corners of the journal boxes 5, preferabl connected with lsaid journal boxes slight y below the normal inner corners thereof and joined with the roofs 14 of the journal boxes at a junction between each and its corresponding inner brass lug 15. i

The extensions of the upper flange 11 of the tension member along the diagonal end portions of the tension member forms, notl the u per flange, but an intermediate flange of said diagonal end portions as the web 7 of the diagonal end portions of the tension member is continued beyond the flange 11 thereof. This makes the diagonal end portions of the tension member generally -I- or star shape in cross section. Upper flanges 16 are formed along the upper edges of saidweb 7 serving as the upper flanges of the diagonal end portions of the tension member and also as the lower edge of the triangular openings 17 and 18 formed on opposite sides of the window opening 13 and framed by the lower flanges 19 of the compression member, the outer flanges 20 of the bolster column members and the upper flanges 16 of the tension member.

The lower flange 21 of the tension member extends horizontally for approximately the full width of the window opening 13 beneath the upper flange 11 thereof and then is curved upwardly until its direction is slightly convergent with respect to the intermediate flange 11, from which 4position it extends substantially straight to approximately the points of contra-flexure corresponding substantially to the location of section'line 9 9 of Figure 1, which is at the location of the minimum section of said tension member. From these positions it curves downwardly away from the intermediate flange 11 and finally connects with a journal box 5 at each end thereof, said flange 21 then extending substantially horizontally and preferably connected with each journal box inner wall at substantially the junction of the lower end of the inner brass lug 15 therewith. The width or depth of the lower flange 21 of the tension member is substantially uniform and a maximum for approximately the full width of the opening 13. Fromv its points 22 where it curves upwardlytoward the journal boxes it is decreased in width or tapered to a minimum width at the minimum section of the tension member adjacent a section corresponding to the line 9-9 of Figure 1 on each diagonal portion of the tension member. From these locations the width or depth of the flange 21 increases gradually outwardly until it joins with the journal boxes 5 servingf as an additional brace.

he intermediate flange 11 does not vary in width to the saine extent as the lower flange 21, the width, however, being gradually decreased from the horizontal spring seating portion thereof where it extends beneath the bolster column portions 4 to form the relativel wide substantially uniform diagonal endy portions of the intermediate flange 11. The ends of these diagonal end portions, however, flare outwardly as they join the journal boxes 5. For bracing the flanges 11 and 21 to each other and to the web ortion 7, webs 23, most clearly shown in Figures 1 and 3, are formed between said flanges and web and preferably extend directly beneath the spring seating portions 12.

The triangular openings 17 and 18 are framed by the flanges 16, 19 and 20, the ends of said flanges being connected at the corners of the openings'by curved portions as illustrated most clearly in Figure 1 and form continuous flanges. These flanges, however, are not uniform in width or depth, the depth of the flange 16 being a maximum and relatively uniform from a proximately the outer corner of each triangular opening, or approximately the position of the section line 2-2 of Fi re 1, to positions corresponding to the gtted line 24. From there the depth of the flanges 16 decreases downwardly and inwardly to positions corresponding to the dotted line 25. Likewise the width or depth ofthe flange 19 decreases from the maximum at the section line 2"-2 upwardly and inwardly to positions corres ondin to the dotted line 26. Between t e positions `corresponding to the dotted lines 26 and 25 the remainder Vof. the flanges 19, 20 and 16 framing the triangular openor flanges 35 preferably connect the flanves' or beads 16-19-20 framin the ltriangu ar ings 17 and 18 is a minimum and substantially uniform in depth or width. By forming these flanges of varying depth or width, as described, a' greater eicienc of construc. tion and more uniform strengt characteristics are obtained.

aFor rigidly) connecting the outer sides of the journal oxes with the side frame the upper flange 27 of the compression member 2 preferably curves downwardly at itsouter ends as shown at 28 and connects at each end with the journal box roof approximately in line with the inner :facer of the outer brass lug 29. From the point of junction with the corresponding'- roof 14 the flange is continued as illustrated at 30 to form part of the sloping outer wall of the corresponding 'ournal box. As a further bracing means etween the journal box and side frame proper, triangular web portions 31 are preferably provided between the roof of each journal box and the web 7 of the side frame proper. l

Integral sprinr hanger brackets 6 are preferably provided integrally lconnected vto the inner rtion of the side frame. 'Said brackets i ustrated are generally U-shaped in cross section and are connected to the side frame by having the web portion of the U sloped upwardl and connected with the upper flange 27 o the compression member 2 as shown most clearly in Figure 3. The flanges 32 and 33 of the U referably extend in substantiall lverticalp anes, saidflange 33 yconnecting d or bead 19 of the compression member and the flange 32 'being bent angularly at its lower end toward said bead for connection therewith as shown atA 34. Reinforcing webs openings 17 and 18 with t e 'unctionslbetween the lower horizontal ange .of the compression member and the bolster ide portions or flanges 36 and 37. It wil be `noted thatsaid webs 35 also serve to reinforce the junction between the brake 'hangirectly with the lowerJlange ,I

steel with the journal boxes and brake hanger brackets preferably, butv not necessarily,

From a consideration of Figure 1 it will be apparent that the bolster 4column guiding flan es or web portion 3 6 and 37 arel spaced c oser than the lower portions of the bolster column guides or struts 4 so that thelreason for such construction is that truck side frames of this type are generally cast with the outer or front portion in the copev or upper side of the mold so 'that when metal is poured into the moldthe rear flange or rear portions of the flanges of the side frame are formed first and as the pouring li's continued the metal rises 'until finally the front flanges or portions-of the flanges are -formed. Unless provision is made to take care of the differences in quality between the metal forming the front and \rear portions of the flanges by increasing the thickness of the front portions, it will be obvious` that theV rear- .portions will have greater strength. This would result when the side frame was .in service in stressingthe outer portions of the flanges to a greater degree in proportion to their strength than the inner portions. y .j

By providing, as above pointed ont', flanges of unequal thicknesses at innerv and outer portions thereof, this defect has been ob' viated so that the sidev frame will have flanges of uniform strength. Of course if the side frame were cast in the o posite way with the inner or back portion o the flanges in the cope side ofthe mold the difference between the thicknesses would be reversed, those portions formed in the oope side of the mold always preferably being heavier 4than those formed in the lower or draglside thereof.

In -view of the foregoing it will be seen that I provide an improved integral side frame which is. preferably formed of cast integrally united therewith. The various members are formed with tapering flanges or webs, or both where desirable, so that 'eat efficiency in desi is obtained, that is, e compression mein r is formed 'jwith a fairl uniform web but with an upper flange which gradually decreases slightly in width or depth to near the junctions with the journal boxes where it flares outwardly slightly. The lowerllan'ge of the compression member is preferably of uniform4 width above the' window opening 13, those portions, however, above the triangular openings 17 and 18 being partly tapered as heretofore described.

The flanges of thebolster column or strut members 4 are preferably substantially uniform in width or depth although they are thickened at their sides adjacent the bolster guide or web portions 36 and 37' as illustrated. The tension member is formed with a main flange 8 which is abnormally wide or deep at the spring seating portion under the window opening 13 where it serves as a to flange of the tension member, from wliie i position it is tapered or decreased in width to form a relatively wide intermediate flange for the diagonal -end portions of the tension member. Said intermediate flange, however, flares slightly at its ends where it connects with the journal boxes. The lower flange of 'the tension member is relatively wide beneath the window opening 13, although not as wide as the spring seating portion, from which it gradually decreases inwidth or tapers to the minimum sections of the tension member corresponding to the position of the section line 9 9. From these positions it flares outwardly and joins with the journal boxes.

The web. 7 of the tension member is generally of tapered formation along the diagonal end portions thereof, outwardly from the junctions with the intermediate portion 8, decreasing in width to approximately the points of contra-flexure and from there increasing in width to the junctions with the journal boxes. The upper flange 16 tapers or decreases in width inwardly and downwardly along an intermediate portion thereof, the ends of said flange being substantially uniform but each end being of a different depth or width.

From a eonsiderationof Figure 8 it will be apparent that the upper flange of the compression member is very much wider than the lower flange whereas in considering Figure 9 it will be seen that the intermediate flange of the tension member is very much wider than either the upper or lower flange thereof.

The foregoing features are particularly pointed out because they result in very desirable strength characteristics in the linislied side frame. One of the important reasons why such desirable strength characteristics are secured in a finished side frame, constructed in accordance with my invention, is ,that such a frame does not have inherent tendencies to induce strains in the edges of the section due'to unequal shrinkage after casting. It has been found that with a side frame, the members of which are channel shape in cross section, such members are not balanced with respect to the neutral axis; that is, there is more metal to one side of the neutral axis than to the other side. When the metal cools in such a section, there is a 4the neutral axis so that shrinkage strains are greatly reduced.

Having thus described my invention, claim:

' 1. A car truck side frame comprising a compression member, a tension iiieiiibei, bolster guide columns interposed between intermediate pprtions of said members, said menibers being generally T-shape in cross-section, journal boxes at the ends of said frame and formed with brass lugs, said tension member being formed at its intermediate portion with an upper flange serving as a spring seat, said flange being continued diagonally upward to opposite sides of said spring seat as an intermediate main flan e of thetension member and joining witi the journal box roof in line with the face of the inner brass lug.

2. A car truck side frame comprisin f a compression member, a tension member, bolster guide colums interposed between intermediate portions of .said members, said ineinbei's being generally T-sliape in cross-section, journal boxes at the ends of said frame and formed with brass lugs, said tension member being formed at its intermediate portion with an upper flange serving as a spring seat, said flange being tapered beyond the spring seat and extended diagonally upward from. the ends of said spring seat to near the upper inner corners of the journal boxes, and joining at each end with the roof of a journal box in substantially the plane of the face of the inner brass lug.

3. yA car truck side frame comprising a compression member, a tension member, holster guide columns interposed between intermediate portions of said members, said members being generally T-shape in crossseetion, journal boxes at the ends of said frame and formed with brass lugs, said tension member being formed at its intermediate portion with an upper flange servin as a spring seat, said flange being decrease in width beyond the spring seat and extended diagonally upward therefrom under the bolster guide columns as an intermediate flange lOl between the upper and lower flanges of the l tions exten ing diagonally `upwardlfrom the ends of said intermediate portion, all of said portions being formed withY substantially vertical web portions and upper and lower flanges on opposite sides ofjthe web'portions,

" the upper flan e of the intermediate portion I- the bein extende as an intermediate flange of the iagonal end portions.

5. A car truck side frame comprising a tension member formed with an intermediate substantially horizontal tions extending diagona y upward from the ends of said intermediate portion, all of said portions being formed with substantially Vertical web portions and upper and lower` flanges on opposite sides of the web portions,

the upper flange of the intermediate portion serving as a spring seat and being decreased in width at tbe ends of the intermediateportion and continued as an intermediate flange of the diagonal end portions, with outer flanges above and below lthe same.

6. A car truck side frame comprising a tension member formed with an intermediate substantially horizontal rtion and end portions extending diagonall; upward from the ends of said intermediate portion, all of said portions being formed with substantially vertical web portions and upper and lower flanges on opposite sides of the web portions, the upper flange of the intermediate portion being relatively wide to serve as a spring seat and gradually decreased in width and bent upwardly adjacent the junctions of the :intermediate and end portions and extended along the diagonal end portions as an intermediate relativelyl wide flange, the lower flange being gradually decreased in width from the junctions of the intermediate and end dportions to intermediateportions lof iagonal end portions and from there increased in width to the ends of the tension member. j.

7. A car truck side frame comprising a l tension member vformed with an intermediate substantiall horizontal l rtion and end por`. tions exten ing diagon y. upward fromthe ends of said intermediate portion, all of said portions being formed with substantially vertical web portions and upper and lo'wer flanges on opposite sides of the web portions, journal boxes at the ends of the diagonal portions of the tension member, the upper flange of the intermediate portion. of the tension member being continued as an intermediate flange; of the diagonal end rtions and'con'- necting lwith the .journal xes, the lower flange of the portion being continued as the lower Y of` the end portions, following lines slo mg toward the intermediate flange to near journal boxes .....whereuit is away from said intermediateange and joins the journal boxes to www ,i

portion and end por-` 8. A car truck sideframe dmprising a tension member formed with an intermediate substantiall horizontal portion and end portions exten ing diagonally upward from the ends of said intermediate portion, all ofsaid portionsbeing formed with substantially.

vertical web portions and upper and lower flanges on opposite sides of the web portions, journal boxes at the ends of the diagonal portions of the tension member, the upper flange of the intermediate portion of the tension member being continued as an intermediate flange of the diagonal end-portions and connecting with the journal boxes, the lower flange of the intermediate portion being cont-inued as the lower flange of the end portions, said lower flange gradually .decreasing in width to intermediate portions of the diagonal portions from where it is increased in width and joins with the journal 'boxes at its ends.v u

9. A car truck side frame comprising a tension member formed with an-intermed1ate substantially horizontal portion ands'end portions extending diagonally up'ward from the ends of said intermediate portion, all of said portions being formed with substantially vertical web portions and upper and lower flanges on opposite sides of the web portions, journal boxes at the ends of the diagonal portions of the tension member, the

upper flange of the intermediate portion of the tension member being continued as an intermediate flange of the diagonal end portions -and connecting. with the journal boxes,

the lower flange'of the intermediate portion ofthe diagonal ends of the tension member,

where it is curved away from said 'in t'ermediate flange, gradually increased in width and joined with the journal boxes at its ends to act as a brace.

10.- A car truck side frame comprising a tension member formed with an intermediate substantiall horizontal ortion and end por' Ations exten ing diagon ly upward from the ends of said intermediate portion, all ofsaid 4portions being formed with substantially vertical web portions and u per andlower flanges on opposite sides oft e web portions. journal boxes'at'the ends of the diagonal portions of the tensionmember, the upper flange of the intermediate V.portion of the tension member beingcontinuedA as an intermediate ilange of the diagonal 4end portions and oonnectmgrwith the journal boxes, the -lower fla of i ithe intermediate portion being continued as the lower flange of the end portions, said lower flange gradual] dec in width-,and slopugl towa the intermediate flange to inte'rm 'ate portions ofthe diagonal ends ofthe tension member,

where it is curved away from said intermediate flange, gradually increased in width and joined with the journal boxes at its ends` to act as abrace, the union between said lower flange and the journal boxes being effected at substantially the juncture between the lower ends of the inner brass lugs and the journal box walls. n

11. A ear truck side frame comprising a compression member, a tension member and bolster guide members inter osed between intermediate portions thereo', forming triangular openings adjacent the ends of the compression and tension members, said meub bers being formed with upright web portions with a flange ou each edge thereof, the lower, upper and outer flanges of the compression, tension and bolster guide members, respectively, being -united at rounded corners to form a continuous flange framing each triangmlar opening, said flanges being of: maximum height adjacent the outer corners of the openings, the height thereof gradually decreasing therefrom.

12. A ear truck side frame comprising a compression member, a tension member and bolster guide members inter osed between intermediate portions thereo forming triangular openings adjacent the ends of the compression and tension members, said members being formed with upright web portions with a flange on each edge thereof, the lower, upper and outer flanges of the compression, tension and bolster' guide members, respectively, being united at rounded corners to form a continuous flange framing eaeh triangular opening, said flanges being of maximum height for a distance from approximately the outer corners of the triangular openings for a substantial distance along the upper portion of the tension member and gradually decreasing in height from each end of said portion for substantial distances to form flanges of minimum height extending the remainder of the distance around the openings.

13. A car truck side frame comprising a compression member, a tension member and bolster guide members interposed between intermediate portions thereof', forming triangular openings adjaeent the ends of the compression and tension members. said members being formed with upright web portions with a flange on each edge thereof, t-he lower, upper and outer flanges of the compression, tensiony and bolster guide members, respectively, being united at rounded corners to form a continuous flange framing each triangular opening, ysaid flanges being of a substantially-uniform', relatively great height for a distance from ap roximately the outer eornersofthe' triangu ar openings approxi- 'rnately to' the midportions of the tension member flanges bordering the openings,

tapering in height from there for approximately the remainder of said tension member flanges and tapering in height. from the outer corners of the triangular openings along the compression member for approximately the same distance as that of the other tapered portions, the remainder of the flanges joinin the ends of the tapered portions being o a substantially-uniform, relatively small height.

14. A car truck side frame comprising a compression member, a tension member, bolster guide columns interposed between intermediate portions of said members, .said members being generally T-shaped in cross section and formed with substantially up right web portions and flanges on opposite edges of said web portions, the lower. upper and inner flanges on the compression, teusion and bolster column members, respectively, framing a window opening, and triangular openings formed on opposite sides of said window opening and framed by portions of the lower, upper and outer flanges of the compression, tension and bolster column members, respectively, the flanges framing the upper portions of said openings being joined by a bracing web extending between eaeh upper oorner of the window opening and the adjacent portion of the flange framing a triangular opening.

15. A car truck side frame comprising a compression member generally T-shaped in cross section with a substantially continuous upper flange and a lower flange formed in three parts, the intermediate part forming! the upper portion of a window opening and the outer parts forming the upper portionsl of triangular 'openings on opposite sides of the window opening, and web members joining said portions of said lower flange and each extending between an upper corn r of the window opening and an adjacent corner of a triangular opening.

16. A car truck side frame comprising a compression member, a tension member, bolster guide columns interposed between intermediate portions of said members, said compression member being formed with upper and lower flanges on opposite edges of a substantially upright web portion, said lower flange being formed as a central portion between holster guide columns and end portions on the outer sides of said bolster' guide columns, brake hanger brackets joined to said compression member adjacent the upper portions of the bolster column guides and connected to one side of the web of the compression member and the adjacent flanged portions thereof, and web portions extending between the adjacent lower flanged portions of the compression member on the opposite side of the web portion for bracing the connection of said brake hanger brackets with the truck side frame.

17. A car truck side frame comprising a lflfl lll SBOk

weies P compression member, a-tension member, bolster guide columns interposed between intermediate ortions of said members formin a substantially central window opening tween compression, tension and bolster guide members, and triangular openings on opposite sides of the window opening betweensaid members, all of said openings being framed by adjacent flanges on said members, brake hanger brackets integrally connected with said frame adjacent the junctions between thebols'ter` [column guides and the compression membrlgto one side ofl said compression member,"ant lfweb portions extending on the o positefsideof said com` ression member a jacent; unctions o the brake hanger brackets t Y, u ith for bracing the connection Withsaid kets, said webs extendin from the flange the upper corners of t e window v.openi portionsof the llanges framing the trianguar openings. p i

18. A4 car truck side frame comprising a tension member formed with an intermediate substantially horizontal ortion and endportions extending diagonal y upward from the ends of said intermediate portion, all of said portions being formed with upright Iwebs, said intermediate portion being formed with upper and lower flanges on opposite edges of its web with the upper angeextended as an intermediate flange of the diagoonal end portions, said diagonal end portions being formed with upper and lower flanges on opposite edges of the webs theref otv whereby the intermediate portion of the tension member has two flanges and the di. agonal extending end` portions have three anges; .i c

19. A car truck side frame comprising a tension member formed with an intermediate substantially horizontal ortion and endv portions extending diagonal y upward from the ends of said intermediate portion `to unite with journal'boxes on opposite endsof the trame, all of said portions .being formed with substantially vertical webs, the intermediate portion comprising upper and lower flanges and the end portions compi'isfA ing relatively narrow upper and lower flanges ilange, on the end portions said intermediateand= lower flanges extending as continuations of the upper and lower flange of the intermediate ortion and joining at the outer ends wit lthe journal boxes.

20. A car truck. side frame comprising a tension member formed withv an, intermediv ate substantiall vhorizontal portion-and ends portions exten ing diagonallyupwardv from the'ends of said intermediate portion, `all of said portions being formed with substantially vertical webs, thezintermediateportion having u per and lower flanges and the end portions aving upper, lower and lntermedig to the adjacent 'edges an the end and a relatively wide intermediate upward 'journal boxes at the ends of the frame, said tension member being formed intermediate its ends ywith an upper Harige extending substantially horizontally, said flange bein continued diagonally upward from sai horizontal portion as a flange positioned intermediate the upper and lower edges of the tension member and joining with a journal box at each end thereof.

22. A truck side frame comprising a oom- Q pression member, a tension memberand bolster -guide columns interposed between in termediate ortions of said members, leaving openings a jacent the ends of the compression and tension members, said members comprising upright web portions flanged on either edge thereof, the adjacent flanges of the compression, tension and bolster ide members joining to form a continuous ange around each opening, said flanges being.v varied in strength in accordance with the varying stresses to which the sections are subjected.

s 23. A truck side 'frame 'comprising a tene sion member formed with an intermediate substantially horizontal portion and end portions extending'diagonally upward' from the ends of said intermediate portion, all of said portions being formed with upright webs, thev intermediate portion having u per and lower flanges and the end portions. av-

inggin addition an intermediate flange.

24. A truck side frame comprising a tension member, the intermediate portion of wlich is approximately horizontal and the en war from the ends o the intermediate stantially upright we the intermediate poi"- tion bein flanged at its upper and lower portions having upper, lower and intermediate flanges, the intermediate flange being substantially wider than the upper and lower flanges.

25. A truck side frame comprising a tension member formed with an intermediate substantially horizontal portionlwith a substantially vertical web and upper yandlower end portions extending diagonally lfrom the intermediate portion, said end portions being generally star shape in cross' section with the metal on opposite sides of the neutral axis substantially balanced whereby shrinkage strains are reducad.

" whereof I aflix my signature.

In testimony BYERS KRDEL.

flanges,

portions of which extend diagonally upim portion, all of said ortions having a sub- 

